Interest and Satisfaction of Telemedicine Use Among Ambulatory Neurology Patients in Western North Carolina During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Introduction: During the COVID-19 pandemic, care shifted from exclusively telemedicine to hybrid models with in-person, video, and telephone visits. We explored how patient satisfaction and visit preferences have changed by comparing in-person versus virtual visits (telephone and video) in an ambulatory neurology practice across three time points. Methods: Patients who completed a virtual visit in March 2020 (early-pandemic), May 2020 (mid-pandemic), and March 2021 (later-pandemic) were contacted. Patients were assessed for visit satisfaction and desire for future telemedicine. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine factors independently associated with video visit completion. Results: Four thousand seven hundred seventy-eight the number of ambulatory visits (n = 4,778) were performed (1,004 early; 1,265 mid; and 2,509 later); 1,724 patients (36%) assented to postvisit feedback; mean age 45.8 ± 24.4 years, 58% female, 79% white, and 56% with Medicare/Medicaid insurance. Patient satisfaction significantly increased (73% early, 79% mid, 81% later-pandemic, p = 0.008). Interest in telemedicine also increased for patients completing telephone visits (40% early, 50% mid, 59% later, p = 0.027) and video visits (52% early, 59% mid, 62% later, p = 0.035). Patients satisfied with telemedicine visits were younger (p < 0.001). White patients were more interested in future telemedicine (p = 0.037). Multivariable analysis showed that older patients (for each 1 year older), Black patients, and patients with Medicare/Medicaid were 2%, 45%, and 54% less likely to complete a video visit than telephone, respectively. Discussion: Patients, especially younger ones, have become more satisfied and more interested in hybrid care models during the COVID-19 pandemic. Barriers to conducting video visits persist for older, Black patients with Medicare or Medicaid insurance.

Local Culture and Community Through a Digital Lens: Viewpoint on Designing and Implementing a Virtual Second Look Event for Residency Applicants.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic altered how residency interviews occur. Despite 2 years of web-based interviews, these are still perceived as inferior to in-person experiences. Showcasing a program and location is critical for recruitment; however, it is difficult to highlight the program's location and community digitally. This article presents the authors' viewpoints on designing and implementing a virtual second look for residency applicants. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to host a web-based event to feature the benefits of living in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, for residency applicants, enhance recruitment efforts, and ensure a successful residency match. The goal was to cover topics that interested all applicants, highlight how Winston-Salem is a special place to live, involve current residents, and engage community members. METHODS: Three programs-child neurology, neurology, and family medicine were chosen for a pilot virtual second look. All residency program directors' were asked to recommend community contacts and help identify residents and faculty who may serve as content experts on one of the topics in the panel discussions. A total of 24 community leaders from restaurants, venues, schools, and businesses were contacted, and 18 agreed to participate. The panel discussions included living in and raising a family in Winston-Salem, experiencing Winston-Salem arts and music, where to eat and drink like a local, and enjoying sports and outdoors in the area. The 2-hour event was hosted on Zoom. Postevent feedback assessments were automatically sent to each registrant through Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap). This study was deemed exempt from Wake Forest University Health Sciences institutional review board review (IRB00088703). RESULTS: There were 51 registrants for the event, and 28 of 48 registrants provided postevent feedback, which was positive. The authors found in the MATCH residency results that 2 of 2 child neurology positions, 4 of 6 adult neurology positions, and 1 of 10 family medicine positions attended our second look event. One adult neurology resident who did not participate was an internal candidate. All respondents agreed or strongly agreed that the session was valuable, well organized, and met their expectations or goals. Furthermore, all respondents gained new information during this web-based event not obtained during their interview day. CONCLUSIONS: The virtual second look event for residency attendees featured the benefits of living in Winston-Salem, and the perspectives of current residents. Feedback from the session was overall positive; however, a top desire would be devoting more time for the applicants to ask questions directly to the community leaders and our resident trainees. This program could be reproducible by other institutions. It could be broadened to a graduate medical education-wide virtual second look event where all medical and surgical programs could opt to participate, facilitating an equitable opportunity for prospective applicants.

High-Yield, Case-Based, Interactive Workshop on Telehealth and Teleneurology With Pediatric Resident Physicians.

Introduction: Increasing prevalence of neurologic disorders with an aging global population and limited availability of neurologists may lead to worse patient outcomes. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, telehealth services surged, and despite easing public health measures, the demand has remained. Telehealth technology has the potential to close the physical gaps in expanding the reach of care. This academic half-day workshop sought to provide a learning opportunity in response to these concerns. Methods: The workshop consisted of small- and large-group case discussions among pediatric resident physicians (PGY 1-PGY 3) moderated by two child neurology faculty physicians over Zoom. Participants received a learner document with prereading articles and questions for each case. PowerPoint presentations with video demonstrations were used to introduce the cases and guide discussions. Results: Of the 25 attendees, 14 (56% response rate) answered a nonmandatory postsession survey. Eighty-six percent of the respondents were very or extremely satisfied with the content covered and were similarly satisfied with the effectiveness of content delivery. Seventy-nine percent of the respondents found the content helpful or very helpful in preparation for the board, and 93% anticipated applying the content covered occasionally or frequently in their clinical practice. Discussion: Small-group discussions with video demonstrations are helpful in increasing proficiency with telehealth technology and in examining board-relevant cases on pediatric patients. There is strong interest in subsequent telehealth half-day workshops that incorporate teaching through group discussions on relevant patient case scenarios.

Be in the Digital Room Where it Happens, Part II: Social Media for Neurology Educators.

Social media has changed the way we communicate and interact. Unsurprisingly, it has also changed how we teach and learn. Younger generations of learners have transitioned from traditional educational sources to digital ones. Medical educators need to adapt to trends in medical education and develop fluency in the digital methods used by medical learners today. This is part two of a two-part series on social media and digital education in neurology. This article provides an overview of how social media can be used as a teaching tool in medical education and provides an overview in which it is grounded. We offer practical strategies on how social media can promote lifelong learning, educator development, educator support, and foster educator identity with accompanying neurology-specific examples. We also review considerations for incorporating social media into teaching and learning practices and future directions for integrating these tools in neurology education.

Be in the Digital Room Where it Happens, Part I: Tweeting & Technology for Career Development.

Social media has become a part of everyday life. It has changed the way we obtain and distribute information, connect, and interact with others. As the number of platforms and users grow, medical professionals have learned the value social media can have in education, research, advocacy, and clinical care initiatives. Platforms provide opportunities to network, build collaborations, and develop a reputation. This is part one of a two-part series. This article provides an overview on how social media can benefit professional career development for clinicians and researchers, as well as for advocacy to raise awareness against biases, disparities, and for patient benefit. We review challenges, limitations, and best practices for social media use by medical professionals with neurology-specific examples.

A comparison of telemedicine and in-person neurology visits: what are the factors that patients consider when selecting future visit type?

OBJECTIVE: To identify factors that patients consider when choosing between future in-person, video, or telephone visits. BACKGROUND: Telemedicine has been rapidly integrated into ambulatory neurology in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: Ambulatory neurology patients at a single center were contacted via telephone to complete: (1) a survey quantifying likelihood of scheduling a future telemedicine visit, and (2) a semi-structured qualitative interview following their visit in March 2021. Data were processed using the principles of thematic analysis. RESULTS: Of 2493 visits, 39% assented to post-visit feedback; 74% were in-person visits and 13% video and telephone. Patients with in-person visits were less likely than those with video and telephone visits to "definitely" consider a future telemedicine visit (36 vs. 59 and 62%, respectively; p < 0.001). Patients considered five key factors when scheduling future visits: "Pros of Visit Type," "Barriers to Telemedicine," "Situational Context," "Inherent Beliefs," and "Extrinsic Variables." Patients with telemedicine visits considered convenience as a pro, while those with in-person visits cited improved quality of care. Accessibility and user familiarity were considered barriers to telemedicine by patients with in-person and telephone visits, whereas system limitations were prevalent among patients with video visits. Patients agreed that stable conditions can be monitored via telemedicine, whereas physical examination warrants an in-person visit. Telemedicine was inherently considered equivalent to in-person care by patients with telephone visits. Awareness of telemedicine must be improved for patients with in-person visits. CONCLUSION: Across visit types, patients agree that telemedicine is convenient and effective in many circumstances. Future care delivery models should incorporate the patient perspective to implement hybrid models where telemedicine is an adjunct to in-person visits in ambulatory neurology.

Rapid Implementation of Outpatient Teleneurology in Rural Appalachia: Barriers and Disparities.

OBJECTIVE: To describe rapid implementation of telehealth during the COVID-19 pandemic and assess for disparities in video visit implementation in the Appalachian region of the United States. METHODS: A retrospective cohort of consecutive patients seen in the first 4 weeks of telehealth implementation was identified from the Neurology Ambulatory Practice at a large academic medical center. Telehealth visits defaulted to video, and when unable, phone-only visits were scheduled. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on the telehealth visit type: video or phone only. Clinical variables were collected from the electronic medical record including age, sex, race, insurance status, indication for visit, and rural-urban status. Barriers to scheduling video visits were collected at the time of scheduling. Patient satisfaction was obtained by structured postvisit telephone call. RESULTS: Of 1,011 telehealth patient visits, 44% were video and 56% phone only. Patients who completed a video visit were younger (39.7 vs 48.4 years, p < 0.001), more likely to be female (63% vs 55%, p < 0.007), be White or Caucasian (p = 0.024), and not have Medicare or Medicaid insurance (p < 0.001). The most common barrier to scheduling video visits was technology limitations (46%). Although patients from rural and urban communities were equally likely to be scheduled for video visits, patients from rural communities were more likely to consider future telehealth visits (55% vs 42%, p = 0.05). CONCLUSION: Rapid implementation of ambulatory telemedicine defaulting to video visits successfully expanded video telehealth. Emerging disparities were revealed, as older, male, Black patients with Medicare or Medicaid insurance were less likely to complete video visits.

Headache infusion centers: A survey on treatments provided, infusion center operations, and barriers to developing new infusion centers.

BACKGROUND: Infusion therapy refers to the intravenous administration of medicines and fluids for the treatment of status migrainosus, severe persistent headaches, or chronic headache. Headache practices and centers offer this treatment for patients as an alternative to the emergency department (ED) setting. However, little information is available in the literature on understanding the operations of an infusion center. OBJECTIVE: We sought to survey the Inpatient Headache & Emergency Medicine specialty section and the Academic Program Directors listserv of the American Headache Society (AHS) to better understand current practices. METHODS: A survey was advertised and distributed to the listservs of both the Inpatient Headache & Emergency Medicine specialty section and the Academic Program Directors, which combined included both academic and private practices. In addition, the survey was available on laptops at related events at an annual AHS meeting in Scottsdale. RESULTS: Of the 127 members of the combined group of both listservs, 50 responded with an overall survey response rate of 39%. Ten out of fifty were from programs with more than one responder completing the survey, leaving 40 unique headache programs. Academic programs made up the majority of programs (85%, 34/40). The total of 40 participating programs is comparable with the 47 academic headache programs listed on the American Migraine Foundation website at the time of the survey. Of the academic programs surveyed, most were hospital based (n = 23) compared with a satellite location (n = 11). Of all programs surveyed, 68% (27/40) offered infusion therapy. Of those that did not have an infusion practice (n = 13), the most common reason cited was insufficient staffing (n = 8). Key highlights of the survey included the following: The majority of programs offering infusions obtain prior authorization before scheduling (70%, 19/27) and offer patient availability 5 days/week (78%, 21/27) typically only during business hours (81%, 22/27). Programs reported that they typically give three to four medications during each infusion session (72%, 18/25). Treatment paradigms varied between programs. Programs surveyed were concentrated in the Northeast and Midwest regions of the United States. CONCLUSION: The limited number of headache infusion centers overall may contribute to the limited ability of headache infusion centers to prevent ED migraine visits. Headache patients can have unpredictable headache onset, and most of the infusion practices surveyed appeared to adapt to this by offering infusions most days during a work week. However, this need for multiple days per week may also explain the most common reason for not having an infusion practice, which is insufficient staffing. Various treatment paradigms are implemented by different practitioners, and future studies will have to focus on investigation of best practice.

Telehealth as a new care delivery model: The headache provider experience.

OBJECTIVE: To assess telehealth practice for headache visits in the United States. BACKGROUND: The rapid roll out of telehealth during the COVID-19 pandemic impacted headache specialists. METHODS: American Headache Society (AHS) members were emailed an anonymous survey (9/9/20-10/12/20) to complete if they had logged ≥2 months or 50+ headache visits via telehealth. RESULTS: Out of 1348 members, 225 (16.7%) responded. Most were female (59.8%; 113/189). Median age was 47 (interquartile range [IQR] 37-57) (N = 154). The majority were MD/DOs (83.7%; 159/190) or NP/PAs (14.7%; 28/190), and most (65.1%; 123/189) were in academia. Years in practice were 0-3: 28; 4-10: 58; 11-20: 42; 20+: 61. Median number of telehealth visits was 120 (IQR 77.5-250) in the prior 3 months. Respondents were "comfortable/very comfortable" treating via telehealth (a) new patient with a chief complaint of headache (median, IQR 4 [3-5]); (b) follow-up for migraine (median, IQR 5 [5-5]); (c) follow-up for secondary headache (median, IQR 4 [3-4]). About half (51.1%; 97/190) offer urgent telehealth. Beyond being unable to perform procedures, top barriers were conducting parts of the neurologic exam (157/189), absence of vital signs (117/189), and socioeconomic/technologic barriers (91/189). Top positive attributes were patient convenience (185/190), reducing patient travel stress (172/190), patient cost reduction (151/190), flexibility with personal matters (128/190), patient comfort at home (114/190), and patient medications nearby (103/190). Only 21.3% (33/155) of providers said telehealth visit length differed from in-person visits, and 55.3% (105/190) believe that the no-show rate improved. On a 1-5 Likert scale, providers were "interested"/"very interested" in digitally prescribing headache apps (median 4, IQR 3-5) and "interested"/"very interested" in remotely monitoring patient symptoms (median 4, IQR 3-5). CONCLUSIONS: Respondents were comfortable treating patients with migraine via telehealth. They note positive attributes for patients and how access may be improved. Technology innovations (remote vital signs, digitally prescribing headache apps) and remote symptom monitoring are areas of interest and warrant future research.

Patient Experiences With Ambulatory Telehealth in Neurology: Results of a Mixed-Methods Study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess patient experiences with rapid implementation of ambulatory telehealth during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. METHODS: A mixed-methods study was performed to characterize the patients' experience with neurology telehealth visits during the first 8 weeks of the COVID-19 response. Consecutive patients who completed a telehealth visit were contacted by telephone. Assenting patients completed a survey quantifying satisfaction with the visit followed by a semistructured telephone interview. Qualitative data were analyzed using the principles of thematic analysis. RESULTS: A total of 2,280 telehealth visits were performed, and 753 patients (33%) were reached for postvisit feedback. Of these, 47% of visits were by video and 53% by telephone. Satisfaction was high, with 77% of patients reporting that all needs were met, although only 51% would consider telehealth in the future. Qualitative themes were constructed, suggesting that positive patient experiences were associated not only with the elimination of commute time and associated costs but also with a positive physician interaction. Negative patient experiences were associated with the inability to complete the neurologic examination. Overall, patients tended to view telehealth as a tool that should augment, and not replace, in-person visits. CONCLUSION: In ambulatory telehealth, patients valued convenience, safety, and physician relationship. Barriers were observed but can be addressed.

Incidental Findings and Normal Anatomical Variants on Brain MRI in Children for Primary Headaches.

When MRI scans of the brain are obtained for evaluation of primary headaches in children, incidental findings and anatomical variants are commonly present. After a review of the prevalence, 11 types are presented.

Diagnostic and Therapeutic Management of a First Unprovoked Seizure in Children and Adolescents With a Focus on the Revised Diagnostic Criteria for Epilepsy.

By definition, unprovoked seizures are not precipitated by an identifiable factor, such as fever or trauma. A thorough history and physical examination are essential to caring for pediatric patients with a potential first unprovoked seizure. Differential diagnosis, EEG, neuroimaging, laboratory tests, and initiation of treatment will be reviewed. Treatment is typically initiated after 2 unprovoked seizures, or after 1 seizure in select patients with distinct epilepsy syndromes. Recent expansion of the definition of epilepsy by the ILAE allows for the diagnosis of epilepsy to be made after the first seizure if the clinical presentation and supporting diagnostic studies suggest a greater than 60% chance of a second seizure. This review summarizes the current literature on the diagnostic and therapeutic management of first unprovoked seizure in children and adolescents while taking into consideration the revised diagnostic criteria of epilepsy.

Amitriptyline Dose and Treatment Outcomes in Specialty Headache Practice: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize treatment patterns and real world outcomes in headache patients treated with amitriptyline in an academic headache center. DESIGN AND METHODS: A retrospective chart review identified 178 patients in our center who were given a new prescription for amitriptyline in treatment of headache, and who were seen in follow-up within one year. Charts were reviewed to identify dosing patterns (initial and maximum dose) and persistence, patient-reported headache benefit, and reported side effects. Variables assessed in relation to medication use were comorbid psychiatric disease, headache characteristics, and prior use of a preventive medication. RESULTS: We followed patients for an average of 6.5 months. Initial and maximum prescribed amitriptyline doses were characterized as: "very low" (≤10 mg daily), "low" (11-25 mg daily), and "traditional" (≥25 mg daily). The initial dose of amitriptyline ranged from 2.5 to 50 mg daily, though most patients were started on a dose of 10 mg daily (112/178, 63%). Approximately 3/4 of the patients were found to have improvement (134/178) and 85% (129/151) were still taking amitriptyline at the last follow-up appointment. Maximum dosing ranged from 2.5 to 100 mg daily with most patients taking 10-25 mg (86/146, 58%). The most commonly reported adverse effect was daytime fatigue (17/151, 11%). There did not appear to be any effect from gender, ethnicity, race, diagnosis of sleep apnea, chronicity of migraine, presence of aura on our outcome measures. CONCLUSION: Our study supports the common clinical practice of using low doses of amitriptyline to treat chronic headache disorders and suggests that it was effective and well tolerated at doses lower than those used in many clinical trials. Use of low dosage amitriptyline may also improve medication persistence, an important clinical consideration in the management of this common and chronic condition. A subgroup of patients may experience a dramatic benefit from amitriptyline and this could warrant further investigation.

Managing Migraine During Pregnancy and Lactation.

While over half of women with migraine report improvement during pregnancy, having a history of migraine may increase the chance of negative health outcomes. The state of pregnancy increases the risk of several dangerous secondary headache disorders, especially those associated with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, and providers need to know the red flags to diagnose and treat emergently. Non-pharmacological migraine treatments can be instituted in advance of pregnancy as many are considered the safest options during pregnancy, but understanding the safety of medications and dietary supplements ensures appropriate care for the refractory migraine patient. New controversy exists over the safety of several historically routine and safe migraine treatment options in pregnancy, such as magnesium, acetaminophen, ondansetron, and butalbital. While it is not clear if breastfeeding decreases the postpartum recurrence of migraine, understanding safe treatment options during lactation can allow women to continue breastfeeding while achieving migraine relief.